What do the categories "mestizo" and "mulato" mean?Who came up with these categories?

Mestizo is a person that has both European and indigenous blood. A good case in point -- the Spaniards arriving in Mexico and the U.S. had children with indigenous natives.

Whereas, mulatto, is anyone with African and white blood. An example would be early plantation owners and Europeans having relations with Black servants.

Explanation:

This a good start, I hope it helps.

b) the planets year length would be longer

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