To many freed men and women, __ essentially reestablished slavery by another name. 1. poll taxes
2. slave codes
3. black codes
4. literacy tests

Black codes

Explanation:

Southern states enacted black codes after the Civil War to prevent African Americans from achieving political and economic autonomy.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; the parasympathetic nervous system;