Three-year-old Jeremiah loves to play hide and seek with his older brother, Nathaniel. When Nathaniel tells him to run and hide, Jeremiah runs to the middle of the room and covers his eyes with his hands and shouts, "Nat, come and find me!" Nathaniel turns around and says, "Jay, I see you, you’re it now." Jeremiah is always surprised at how fast his brother finds him. Jeremiah assumes wrongly that if he can’t see anyone, then nobody can see him. This is an example of

This is an example of egocentrism.

Explanation:

Egocentrism is characteristic of the preoperational stage. Children are still incapable of understanding that what they see is not what others see, what they feel is not what others feel. Therefore, if they close their eyes and stop seeing you, they believe that means you can't see them too. That is what is taking place in the passage we are analyzing here. Jeremiah is only three years old, which means he is still in the preoperational stage. He is surprised that his older brother is able to see him when he thinks he is "hiding" so efficiently. Jeremiah is giving us an example of egocentrism.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.