4. why did southern states use poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses as reconstruction came to an end?
to maintain republican control of state governments
to keep poor white southerners from voting
to keep african americans from voting to ensure voters would remain loyal to the union

c it has to be i googled it

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.

you answered your own : -/