What was the main purpose of the 14th amendment?

Why does c. wright mills identify critical thinking as one of the most important criteria for the development of intellectual craftsmanship? why is constantly being aware of the biased nature of your reactions and interactions (what c. wright mills calls self-reflexive) key to the development of that critical thinking? finally, why is keeping a file important, how can it lean to intellectual curiosity which can foster critical thinking and to develop a keen analytical mind?

Segregation or discriminatory practices that occur even when there is no explicit legal enforcement

Giving into indirect pressure to change your behavior or thoughts is called?