Which countries remained relatively unchanged since the 1815 Congress of Vienna?

What is the best explanation as to the dividing line between french and british claims in north america at this time?

What are objects called that have value in and of themselves as well as value as a means of exchange? custom commodity money currency simple money

Chris, a master at office gossip and innuendo, says, "we know we have a corporate spy someplace in the organization, probably on the management team itself. there is no evidence that it is audrey. in fact, she's too clean, if you know what i mean. somebody should fire audrey; she's got to be the spy." by making this argument chris is actually engaging in (a) an appeal to emotion fallacy (b) a straw man fallacy (c) an appeal to ignorance fallacy (d) circular reasoning (e) an appeal to the mob fallacy