Which of the following countries would be considered a socialist country?
United States
England
Mexico
France

France.

Explanation:

When did socialism start in France?

Socialist Party (France)

Socialist Party Parti socialiste

Founded1969

Merger of  CIR SFIO UCRG UGCS

Headquarters99 rue Molière, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France

NewspaperLe Populaire (1969-1970)

France arguably is a socialist country, considering its high tax rates and extensive social programs. However, it is not communist, as the state does not attempt to control the means of production. Instead, those forces are left to markets, which are remarkably good at regulating themselves. However, some of the largest industries in France have nationalized, meaning that the government owns the largest share in them. Additionally, France’s government has many regulations on businesses, and firing workers is very hard to do. This concept makes hiring workers risky, as they may ultimately cost the company money, but the company may be unable to get rid of them.

Unlike many other socialist countries, France’s taxes are considered by some to be regressive. This idea means that instead of the highest tax burden falling on the wealthy, it actually falls on the middle-class and the poor. While these social classes are more likely to use more of the government-funded social programs, the high taxes that they pay mean that wealth is not being redistributed. In a genuinely socialist model, wealth is redistributed across social classes to ensure that the poor and the rich have equitable access to all services. Meanwhile, the wealth that is among the richest in the country remains among those in that social class.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.