The modern behavioral task, introduced by Dr. Larry D. Reid, named is used to measure the rewarding aspects of drugs. The brain structures underlying the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse include the cortical-amygdala and orbital frontal cortical pathways and can be reliably demonstrated when animals are tested drug free using a combination of operant and classical conditioning learning tasks

Conditioned place preference

Explanation:

Conditioned place preference is a form of conditioning used to gauge motivation effects of experiences or objects on the test subject.

For example if a person spends more time in the vicinity of a stimulus it indicates the person likes the stimulus.

This can be used to measure rewarding aspects of drugs.

The brain structures underlying the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse include the cortical-amygdala and orbital frontal cortical pathways and can be reliably demonstrated when animals are tested drug free using a combination of operant and classical conditioning learning tasks

levels of production can be increased by technology while holding labor and capital constant, because increased technology makes the production process more efficient. subsequently, the lras curve is almost a vertical line, that can shift to the right, with an increase in technology.

the relationship between the lras curve and the ppc is that both can make the economy could grow. the ppc achieves that when it shifts outward because of more resources or technological advances while the lras curve shifts if more resources are developed or if there are technological advances.

the lras curve is a vertical line at an output level that represents the number of goods and services a nation can produce over a sustained period using all of its productive resources as efficiently as possible with all of the current technology available to it.

the production possibilities frontier (ppf) is a graphical device that is used for economic analysis of production decisions because the ppf measures the maximum possible combinations of two goods that an economy is capable of producing with its currently available resources and technology.

c- companies fail to take environmental protection into account. i think