"English Bill of Rights (1689) (ехcerpi)

The said Lords Spiritual and Temporal Commons.
do... declare... That Ievying moncy for the use of
the crown... without grant of Parliament... is illegal.
That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king.
That the raising or keeping a standing army within the
kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with the consent
of Parliament, is against the law.
That the election of members of Parliament ought to be
free
That excessive bail ought not to be required nor
excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted"

According to the English Bill of Rights excerpt, which provision of the document is included in Article I of the U. S. Constitution?

a the “right . . . to petition” clause
b the “Spiritual and Temporal” clause
c the “levying money” clause
d the “unusual punishment” clause

The authors of the paper "fudging the numbers: distributing chocolate influences student evaluations of an undergraduate course"† carried out a study to see if events unrelated to an undergraduate course could affect student evaluations. students enrolled in statistics courses taught by the same instructor participated in the study. all students attended the same lectures and one of six discussion sections that met once a week. at the end of the course, the researchers chose three of the discussion sections to be the "chocolate group." students in these three sections were offered chocolate prior to having them fill out course evaluations. students in the other three sections were not offered chocolate. the researchers concluded that "overall, students offered chocolate gave more positive evaluations than students not offered chocolate." indicate whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. give a brief explanation for your choice.