Informal communication consists of all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. the grapevine. b. emergent networks. c. natural social interactions. d. downward communication.

downward communication

Explanation:

Informal Communication refers to the unofficial and casual form of communication where there's exchange of information between people without conforming the chain of command.

It is regarded as the casual communication that takes place between the coworkers in the workplace. Informal communication include the grapevine, emergent networks and natural social interactions.

It should be noted that downward communication isn't an informal communication. Downward communication involves the flow of information in an organization from the higher level to the lower level. It's a formal communication.

answer; i believe the correct answer is (4) flip a coin as each participant arrives,heads indicates assignment to the first group: tails indicates assignment to the second group;