This is civics PLEASE HELP! What are two ways elections are affected by public opinion polls?

undecided voters vote for the most popular candidates
candidates with high polling numbers get more media coverage

campaign donations go to candidates with the lowest poll numbers

polling more people results in a higher voter turnout

When a third party injects him or herself into an existing dispute between a plaintiff and defendant?

Which of the following  bestillustrates a negative reinforcer?               a.  copland gives up candy to stave off chronic acid indigestion.    b.  nancy learns that she prefers chocolate over vanilla.    c.  carmine changes his major to english lit after failing a math exam.    d.  on a hot day, lindberg always drinks lemonade.

Describe the type of government sparta had and how it felt about foreigners.