An insect is discovered with a nasty venom in its bite that enters the brain and causes all axons to fire an action potential. What would be the most likely effects of this venom? a.) Complete paralysis

b.) Substantial decrease in energy use

c.) Wide spread seizures

d.) A loss of the ability to learn as synaptic plasticity is destroyed

Abstract

Background and purpose: The sodium channel is a primary target for treating central nervous system disorders such as epilepsy. In this study the anticonvulsant effect of BmK IT2, a sodium channel-specific neurotoxin, was evaluated in different animal models of epilepsy.

Experimental approach: Experiments were performed on freely moving rats made epileptic by administration of either pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or pilocarpine. BmK IT2 (0.05–0.5 μg in 2 μl) was microinjected into the CA1 area and its effects on PTZ-induced widespread, seizure-like behaviour and cortex epileptiform EEG, as well as on pilocarpine-induced seizure-like behaviour and c-Fos expression were studied.

Key results: Intrahippocampal application of BmK IT2 dose-dependently inhibited PTZ-induced seizure-like behaviour, and reduced the numbers and duration of the high amplitude and frequency discharges (HAFDs) of the epileptiform EEG component induced by PTZ. Similarly, in the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model, BmK IT2 significantly prolonged the latency to onset of the SE, reduced the severity of SE and suppressed hippocampal c-Fos expression during SE.

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  b.

there are isolated pockets of farming, generally around rivers and oases, which are used for irrigation.