a political scientist or historian reviewing the opinions of chief justice john marshall in cases like mcculloch v. maryland and gibbons v. ogden would be most likely to characterize his judicial philosophy in what way?

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explanation: 3fgtgetg

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

the answer would be a)henry grady because he came up with the term "new south"