There is absolutely no place in this land for the arrogant, aggressive, school-spoilt Afro-American who wants to live without manual labor. Therefore, it is cruelty to the negro, as well as an injustice to the whites, to tax the latter [the whites] to give "higher education" to the former [the negro]. . . . The only salvation for the negro in America is the acceptance, in good faith, of his legal rights as the full measure of what is due him. The sooner he abandons his attempt to share political power and privileges with the whites, the better for him. . . .

We made this civilization; the negro never made this, or any other.

–Thomas Watson, 1908

Which statement best characterizes Tom Watson’s opinion on African Americans in politics?

African Americans have no role to play in politics in this country.

African Americans should make more of an effort to become leaders in government.

African Americans should take