What is probably the best explanation of the findings that parents who use physical punishment produce children who are more aggressive

Ithink the answer you are looking for is (b).

Hamlet's fourth soliloquy is probably his most famous one - "to be or not to be."it is rather different from his previous soliloquies because now he is contemplating something that didn't come up before - suicide. he is thinking whether it is worth it to fight to find his father's murderer when in the end all of them are going to die, so why not die sooner than later. he is contemplating if he should go on fighting or just kill himself and end it all, which is why this soliloquy in particular is rather depressing, hesitant, and gives a deeper insight into hamlet's madness.

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.