is described as an approach to influence that relies on ethically suspect methods of influence, practiced by organized groups, targets a mass audience, and has a strong ideological bent.

As nina and erin were eating lunch in the central high school student cafeteria, they were discussing the news coverage about the girls' athletic coach being arrested for selling steroids to student athletes. "i think the guy just did it because they don't pay teachers enough money," nina suggested. "i bet the guy had some other kind of drug addiction he was trying to pay for," erin countered. nina and erin's ideas about the cause of the coach's drug-selling behavior are examples of: