In a study conducted by Lassiter et al. (2005, 2007) and Lassiter and Irvine (1986), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that the participants were likely to perceive the confession as coerced when:

What was piaget's explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation? a) preschool children's tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation b) preschool children have not yet developed numerical understanding; therefore, different amounts are meaningless c) preschool children's neural-visual network is not fully matured d) preschool children have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to know the difference between quantities