The model of abnormality based on what we can actually observe is called:

This is behaviorism. Pioneered by John Watson in the 1930s, this mindset and viewpoint posits that we can only diagnose what we can see, and what we see are behaviors. Until BF Skinner brought about Radical Behaviorism, the idea of introspection and self-awareness was considered useless by behaviorists.

D, because civic virtue is basically doing what’s morally good.