Researchers were interested in whether relaxation training decreases the number of headaches a person experiences. they randomly assigned 20 participants to a control group (no relaxation training) or a relaxation training group and noted the change in number of headaches each group reported from the week before training to the week after training. the independent variable in this study is

answer: musical connotation

leonard b. meyer (1918-2007) was an american composer, author and philosopher. his work emotion and meaning in music is perhaps the first major treatise on music. it is a philosophical and psychological work, greatly influenced by koffka (one of the major proponents of gestalt psychology). his work deals with the problem of musical meaning and musical communication.