The best way of characterizing what sociologists currently believe about upward social mobility for any individual is that it is the result of

d

explanation:

civil rights vs. civil liberties. civil liberties are basic freedoms while civil rights are the basic right to be free from discrimination based on such characteristics as race, disability, color, gender, national origin, and others. discriminating against an employee on the basis of gender is a civil rights violation.

explanation:

with the profits from the european sales, merchants purchased europe's manufactured  goods, including tools and weapons. then the merchants shipped those manufactured  goods, along with the  american  sugar and rum, to west africa where they were bartered for  slaves.