How did darwin's ideas on evolution conflict with contemporary religious dogma?

Darwin's idea is that the living organisms found on Earth today came from a single-celled organism that evolved through time, depending on the need to survive the environment. 

This is in conflict with what the religion taught that every living organism on Earth, even including those not living, were created by a superior being many years ago. Each of his creation depends on what should made the Earth, a world he deemed perfect.