What new approach allowed scholars to gain new scientific knowledge?

I believe the answer is The scientific method
The scientific method filled on generally accepted standard in order to pursue a new scientific knowledge. The standard could take place in the form of investigating procedure, Generally accepted measurement, Precaution to avoid bias/mistake, etc.

What are the options?

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.