1) the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution were undermined by all of the following except question 1 options: jim crow laws. literacy tests. plessy v. ferguson. brown v. board of education.

I believe the answer is: D. Brown v. Board of Education.

Brown v. Board of Education. actually resulted in the application of 14th amendment of the constitution.

In the case, the court ruled out that separating the admission rules based on race is unconstitutional due to equal protection clause that written in the 14th amendment.

male citizens in athens could vote on all the decisions that affected the city and serve on juries. however, democracy was not open to everyone. citizen women and children were not allowed to vote. slaves and foreigners living in athens (known as metics) were banned from participating in government.

answer; pluralist democracy;