Josie is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. she will manipulate the levels of sleep by randomly assigning subjects to different conditions. in some, subjects will sleep fewer hours than in others. in this experiment, sleep is the variable.

Ed participated in a psychology experiment in which he turned pegs on a board for one hour. although the task was very boring, the experimenter said, "i will pay you $1 if you tell the next participant that this experiment is the most exciting experiment that you have ever been in." julie also participated in the same experiment; however, the experimenter offered to pay her $50 to lie to the next participant. according to cognitive dissonance theory, ed will later report that experiment was and julie will report that it was a. boring; exciting b. exciting; boring c. exciting; exciting d. boring; boring