Aresearcher wanted to see if alcohol consumption raises or lowers a person's self-esteem. in one condition, he gives participants three glasses of punch spiked with alcohol and in the other he gives participants three glasses of plain punch. after participants finish their punch, they complete the rosenberg (1965) self-esteem scale. in this study, self-esteem is the and the score on the rosenberg questionnaire is the

Chris, a master at office gossip and innuendo, says, "we know we have a corporate spy someplace in the organization, probably on the management team itself. there is no evidence that it is audrey. in fact, she's too clean, if you know what i mean. somebody should fire audrey; she's got to be the spy." by making this argument chris is actually engaging in (a) an appeal to emotion fallacy (b) a straw man fallacy (c) an appeal to ignorance fallacy (d) circular reasoning (e) an appeal to the mob fallacy