"second grader riley tells his friend gus not to run in the hallway because it is against the school rules and he might be punished. most likely, riley is in lawrence kohlberg's stage of moral development."

Riley is in the pre-conventional stage of moral development. 

According to the psychologist, Kohlberg, during the pre-conventional stage of moral development, individuals have not developed a personal moral code. Instead, individuals follow moral codes and actions based on what they have learned from their parents, teachers and other elders. Individuals in the pre-conventional stage of moral development make moral decisions that help them avoid punishment. 

Old telephone. is prehistoric object