The text states that it is arguable that may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending. power-control theory neutralization theory containment theory differential reinforcement theory

Differential reinforcement theory

Explanation:

Differential reinforcement theory is a theory in which reinforcement and punishment are two tools that are used to modification of the behavior. Punishment is used to reduce unwanted behavior and reinforcement is used to increase the desired behavior.

Both tools are very important in ope-rant conditioning. The main aim of this theory is to increase rational behavior and to decrease undesirable behavior without using punishment. In this theory at the place of punishment, extinction has been used to modify the behavior.  

answer; (d) none of the above;