Which of the following statements regarding the possible biological origins of aggression has not been supported by research?

If your options are:

A.The drive for aggression is a basic instinct that promotes survival.

B.Some people are genetically predisposed to have hostile temperaments and engage in aggressive acts.

C.Testosterone is linked to aggressive behavior.

D. All of these options have been supported by biological research

I believe the correct answer is: D. All of these options have been supported by biological research.

     For a long time philosophers and researches have argued over the innate aggressive tendencies of human beings which is consistent with the principles of evolutionary psychology. Biological research has found that humans have innate aggressive tendencies as a basic instinct in order to survive, but the fact that humans can aggress, doesn’t mean that they will.

     However, there is no doubt that aggression is in part genetically determined. This is relevant for both animals and humans. The proof for that is the fact that animals can be bred to be aggressive by breeding the most aggressive offspring with each other, and that children who are aggressive as infants also are aggressive when they are adults. Therefore, some people are genetically predisposed to have hostile temperaments and engage in aggressive acts.

     As for the testosterone, the latest studies have shown that testosterone increases brains threat response. Men with high levels of testosterone are more inclined to be wild and unruly. Therefore, the testosterone is linked to aggressive behavior.