Sodium and potassium ions are essential for muscle contractions of the heart. the ions are transported using a pump, which obtains energy by the breaking of . this action requires the expense of energy. so, sodium and potassium ions are transported using .

Moving sodium and potassium ions actively transported across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. An active transport process involves expense of energy. The energy comes by hydrolysis of ATP. It involves an enzyme called Na+/K+-ATPase. This process is responsible for maintaining the excess of Na+ outside the cell as well as the excess of K+ ions on the inside. There is transport of three Na+ to the outside of the cell and the transport of two K+ ions to the inside. This unbalanced charge transfer contributes to the separation of charge across the membrane. The sodium-potassium pump is an important for action potential.

each of the 46 original chromosomes splits into two daughter chromosomes, so there are two sets of 46 daughter chromosomes that end up in each cell. human cells have 46 chromosomes. each chromosome consists of a pair of identical chromatids attached together by a structure called a centromere.

hope this !