State a characteristics of a bird, rat and frog that makes them vertebrates

Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone or some sort of spinal column, they are also called vertebrae. Vertebrates include, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Birds: All birds have a spine and they can fly and they rule the sky, unlike bats.

Rats: They are mammals due to the fact they have a spine, so it makes them a vertebrae.

Frogs: They are amphibians, and all amphibians have a spine.

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the electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma-rays.

ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'