Which of the following is not an example of where primary succession can occur?
a.) new valcanic rock
b.) land formed from glacial retreats
c.) new island forming
d.) topsoil after a forest fire

Topsoil after a forest fire is not an example of where primary succession can occur

Explanation:

There are two types of ecological succession- primary succession and secondary succession. The burning of the forest is a secondary succession because the process starts with an event. It reduces the established ecosystem.

Secondary succession is usually faster because it occurs on the preexisting soil. Also, secondary succession occurs after the primary succession is depleted. Factors like trophic interaction, colonization trade-offs, and soil composition affect secondary succession.  

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explanation: