Asignal transduction pathway is initiated when a binds to a receptor.

cyclic amp
tyrosine kinase
g protein
signal molecule
calmodulin

phaneritic textures in which phaner means visible so phaneritic textures are standard of impertinent volcanic rocks. these rocks crystallized gradually under the surface of earth. when the magma cools deliberately then the ores have chance to develop and produce long crystals.

some scientists like gregory adcock agree with thorne's theory of regional continuity.

others, like chris stringer and ian tattersall, believe thorne's results may be contaminated or misinterpreted.

answer; lower are;