Which would be the beginning of primary succession?
question 17 options:

a woodland area growing from a grassland

lichen growing on cooled lava

new plant species growing in a flooded area

trees sprouting after a forest fire

Based on the law of dominance, we would expect percent of the offspring from this cross to have large teeth.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

What is the main reason that attitudes are more often revealed in spoken rather than written language? a. in writing, we try to put the "best face" on what we write. b. we speak far more often than we write. c. in writing, we can more easily conceal our attitudes. d. in spoken language, we are often careless in our use of words.