Where is the proton motive force coming from in photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration? help!

Can someone i have no idea of how to do this.

Which of the following observation darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a) species diversity declines farther from the equator. b) fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. c) birds live on islands located farther from the mainland than the bird's maximum nonstop flight distance. d) south american temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of south america than to the temperate plants of europe. e) earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.

How have crops been modified? a.plants have been made more susceptible to pests b.plants have been made resistant to herbicides c.plants have been made more susceptible to herbicides d.plants have been modified to have reduced yield