Arrange the following steps from a typical genetic modification procedure into their correct sequence. a. Select the gene of interest + insert into plasmid
b. Protein product harvested from bacteria
c. Isolate bacterial plasmid
d. Bacteria replicate
e. Cloned gene harvested from bacteria
f. Plasmid taken up by bacterium

f. Plasmid taken up by bacterium

c. Isolate bacterial plasmid

a. Select the gene of interest + insert into plasmid

b. Protein product harvested from bacteria

d. Bacteria replicate

e. Cloned gene harvested from bacteria

Explanation:

Genetic modification refers to the methods used to obtain genetically modified organisms (GMO). Plasmids are widely used in genetic engineering to transfer target genes into bacterial cells and/or cells of higher organisms. For example, in plants, the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process involves the use of this bacterium to obtain GMO:

1) A T-DNA plasmid is removed from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and this transfer DNA (T-DNA) is cleaved using a specific endonuclease enzyme

2) A piece of foreign DNA fragment (target gene sequence to insert) is split off and then integrated into T-DNA

3) Recombinant plasmids are re-inserted into Agrobacterium and then bacteria are used to insert target DNA into plant cells

4) Plant cells grown in culture in order to obtain GMO adult plants with the desired genetic modification

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