Understanding Dose vs Exposure John works applying pesticide X to agricultural fields. He spent the morning cleaning out a tank that had contained concentrated pesticide X. The tank was large and he was standing in water all morning (4 hours) power washing the tank. Human skin is a wonderful barrier to entry of compounds as long as it is dry and intact, but wet wrinkly skin can absorb toxins. About 5% of pesticide X absorbs into wet skin and John was in contact with water that had a total of 32 g of the pesticide in it.
After the morning is over, John has lunch but does not wash his hands; he has 2 g of the pesticide on his hands. Pesticide X has about 90% absorption from an oral dose.
Finally, John works in the field in the afternoon a crop plane flies over dusting the crops with pesticide X, the air he breathes in has a total of 5 grams of the compound in it. Pesticide X is known to have absorption of about 50% through inhalation.
What is John’s exposure to Pesticide X and what is his dose?
Route of Exposure Exposure (grams) Dose (grams)
Dermal
Oral
Inhalation
Total
Looking at the total exposure and dose, what percentage of his exposure was a dose?

"do a testcross with a homozygous recessive plant."

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.

one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that arrives on earth as solar radiation from the sun is the visible spectrum. wavelengths of the visible spectrum combine to form what we refer to as

answer - d) ultraviolet radiation.

violet /   380–450 nm / 668–789 thz

violet is number 1 in the chart of visible light.