Independent assortment means A. only one allele actually makes protein while the other is inactive, and the one that's active is random and independent of other allele pairs.
B. the segments of homologous chromosomes that are exchanged are random and independent of other segments.
C. only some chromosomes are duplicated, and which chromosomes are duplicated is random and independent of other chromosomes.
D. which sperm cell carries an X chromosome and which carries a Y chromosome is random and independent of the other sperm.
E. homologous chromosomes segregate into daughter cells randomly and independently of one another.