The force driving simple diffusion is while the energy source for active transport is a. the concentration gradient; atp b. phosphorylated protein carriers; atp c. the concentration gradient; adp d. transmembrane pumps; electron transport and. atp; phosphorylated proteins.

The answer is A. The force driving simple diffusion is the concentration gradient, while the energy source for active transport is ATP.

Explanation:

For simple diffusion, the movements of solutes and solvents depend on the electrochemical gradient. Usually, there are no difficulties for this kind of diffusion as they can pass freely through the semi-permeable membrane. This includes water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. To demonstrate, we put a glass of water with sugar particles in it and a semi-permeable barrier in between, with the left side having MORE sugar. Equilibrium must always be attained in this kind of reaction. So the water (solvent) will pass through the membrane, right to left, from a higher concentration to lower concentration of water, to attain equilibrium. This doesn't require ATP or energy to occur.

For active transport, ATP will always be utilized to occur. An example would be the Na+/K+ pump. In order to maintain equilibrium, these ions are supposed to travel in and out of a cell. But moving from a low concentration to a high concentration area is difficult without a pump and ions are too big to pass through the semi-permeable membrane. So that's why they utilize this kind of transport.

not too sure maybe olecranon process

the element that provides strength to the exoskeletons of clams and oysters is phosphorus.

this is so because calcium carbonate is the main component in the shells. calcium carbonate is strengthened by phosphorus.

explanation: