Art's at-risk amount in a passive activity was $60,000 at the beginning of 2015. his loss from the activity in 2015 is $80,000, and he had no passive activity income during the year. art had $20,000 of passive activity income from the activity in 2016. under the passive activity loss rules, art's suspended loss at the end of 2016 is:
a. $15,000.
b. $20,000.
c. $45,000.
d. $60,000.
e. none of the above.

Ajustification for job training programs is that they improve worker productivity. suppose that you are asked to evaluate whether more job training makes workers more productive. however, rather than having data on individual workers, you have access to data on manufacturing firms in ohio. in particu- lar, for each firm, you have information on hours of job training per worker (training) and number of nondefective items produced per worker hour (output). (i) carefully state the ceteris paribus thought experiment underlying this policy question. (ii) does it seem likely that a firm’s decision to train its workers will be independent of worker characteristics? what are some of those measurable and unmeasurable worker characteristics? (iii) name a factor other than worker characteristics that can affect worker productivity. (iv) if you find a positive correlation between output and training, would you have convincingly established that job training makes workers more productive? explain.