In the context of budget deficits, what is crowding out?

(a) when government borrowing leads to higher interest rates and corresponding decreases in private investment
(b) when a multiplier effect magnifies the effect of increases in income and decreases in consumer spending
(c) when government spending encourages additional levels of consumption and investment from the private sector
(d) when budget surpluses cause firms to undertake increased levels of investment

(A) when government borrowing leads to higher interest rates and corresponding decreases in private investment.

Explanation:

Crowding out effect is when the government's involvement is a sector of an economy negatively impacts other players in the economy.

When there's a government deficit, the government borrows and because of the large amount that would be borrowed, interest rates would rise and this would discourage private investment.

forbearance of student loan payments. under forbearance, your loan payments are postponed (or reduced) but interest continues to accrue during the period of forbearance. if you don't pay the interest during that period, the interest may be “capitalized,” which means it is added to your principal balance.