Why are GNP figures generally lower than the GDP figures in
South Africa?

GDP stands for gross domestic product and includes the market value of all the finished and legal goods and services produced within a country during one year. While the GNP refers to gross national product and it measures the total market value of all the finished and legal goods produced by the citizens (including individuals and businesses) of a country.

Generally in developing countries, like South Africa, there are a lot of foreign multinational corporations that operate there. Their operations are included in the GDP, but since they are American, European or Asian multinational corporations, their operations are included in the GNP of their respective countries, not South African GNP.

(a) when insurance is obtained through a reciprocal insurer, the insureds are sharing the risk of loss with other subscribers of that reciprocal.

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rational decision making is a multi-step process for making choices between alternatives. the process of rational decision making favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity and insight. the word “rational” in this context does not mean sane or clear-headed as it does in the colloquial sense.

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