Oil Dawg, an oil tanker company, shipped oil to coasts all over the US. During many deliveries, the crew was dumping waste into the ocean. To conceal this, the crew falsified entries into the record book and lied to the Coast Guard about waste disposal. Top executives in the company were unaware this was happening. A jury convicted Oil Dawg of conspiracy, pollution, and obstruction of justice and the company was fined $4.9 Million. Oil Dawg appealed. Should Oil Dawg be found criminally liable for the illegal actions of its lower-level employees under the doctrine of respondeat superior? Why or Why not?

The doctrine of respondeat superior is generally applied to torts and is used by civil courts, but can also include criminal activities. In this case, the main issue is the fine imposed on Oil Dawg, so yes, this doctrine applies.

Respondeat superior basically makes the principal (the employer in this case) legally responsible for unlawful or negligent acts committed by its agents (employees in this case). This doctrine applies as long as the illegal acts were committed within the scope of the normal employment, e.g. crashing a van while making a delivery. In this case, the illegal polluting was carried out while transporting oil to the US.

The only possible defense that Oil Dawg might have is that the people that committed the illegal polluting were independent contractors and they weren't actual employees of the company. But according to the text given, that is not the case.

This doesn't mean that only the employer will be go to trial, the employees that committed the illegal polluting will also go to trial since they are both liable, and maybe face the same or even different charges.  

answer; i believe the answer is 40,600,000;

the answer is     d. in our global economy, most job growth will be in services, but manufacturing jobs will exist, too.