3. Study Illustration Capsule 2.4: Corporate Governance Failures at Volkswagen on page 40 of our textbook and answer the following questions: (a) Based on the information provided, describe the ways in which Volkswagen did not fulfill the requirements of effective corporate governance.
(b) In what ways did the Board of Directors sidestep its obligations to protect shareholder interests?
(c) How could Volkswagen better select its Board of Directors to avoid mistakes such as the emissions scandal in 2015?

Wo firms, a and b, each currently dump 50 tons of chemicals into the local river. the government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. it costs firm a $100 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river, and it costs firm b $50 for each ton of pollution that it eliminates before it reaches the river. the government gives each firm 20 pollution permits. government officials are not sure whether to allow the firms to buy or sell the pollution permits to each other. what is the total cost of reducing pollution if firms are not allowed to buy and sell pollution permits from each other? what is the total cost of reducing pollution if the firms are allowed to buy and sell permits from each other? a. $3,000; $1,500 b. $4,500; $3,500 c. $4,500; $4,000 d. $4,500; $2,500