Consider the dissolution of calcium hydroxide:

ca(oh)2(s) --> ca2+(aq) + 2oh‑(aq)

k = 4.7 x 10‑6

write the equilibrium expression for this reaction.

2. identify whether the following actions would favor the formation of products, reactants, or have no affect upon the dissolution of calcium hydroxide. explain each answer.

a. addition of caco3 to an equilibrium mixture of calcium hydroxide and water.

b. addition of na2co3 to an equilibrium mixture of calcium hydroxide and water.

c. addition of hcl to an equilibrium mixture of calcium hydroxide and water.

d. addition of naoh to an equilibrium mixture of calcium hydroxide and water

1.

2. a. No effect;

b. Products;

c. Products;

d. Reactants

Explanation:

1. Equilibrium constant might be written using standard guidelines:

only aqueous species and gases are included in the equilibrium constant excluding solids and liquids;the constant involves two parts: in the numerator of a fraction we include the product of the concentrations of products;the denominator includes the product of the concentrations of reactants;the concentrations are raised to the power of the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

Based on the guidelines, we have two ions on the product side, a solid on the left side. Thus, the equilibrium constant has the following expression:

2. a. In the following problems, we'll be considering the common ion effect. According to the principle of Le Chatelier, an increase in concentration of any of the ions would shift the equilibrium towards the formation of our precipitate.

In this problem, we're adding calcium carbonate. It is insoluble, so it wouldn't have any effect on the equilibrium.

b. Sodium carbonate is completely soluble, it would release carbonate ions. The carbonate ions would combine with calcium cations and more precipitate would dissolve. This would shift the equilibrium towards formation of the products to reproduce the amount of calcium cations.                                      

c. HCl would neutralize calcium hydroxide to produce calcium chloride and water, so the amount of calcium ions would increase, therefore, the products are favored.

d. NaOH contains hydroxide anions, so we'd have a common ion. An increase in hydroxide would produce more precipitate, so our reactants are favored.

3авиипп

Answer: abeexplanation:

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.