Affects of cholera toxin on adenylyl cyclase the gram negative bacterium vibrio cholerae produces a protein cholera toxin that is respondible for th e characteristic symptoms of cholera. if body fluids and Na are not replaced, severe dehydration results. what is the effect of cholera toxin on cAMP in the intestinal cells

the effects of cholera toxin on cAMP in the intestinal cells is that it INCREASES cAMP production.

Explanation:

Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium which produces a protein cholera toxin that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera such as

watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. There is need for body fluids and Na replacement to avoid severe dehydration results which may lead to death.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate( cAMP) is a derivative used for intracellular signal transduction in organisms. The cholera toxin produced by the bacteria INCREASES the production of cAMP through its polypeptides( which consist of active protomer and binding protomer). The cholera toxin first binds to cell surface receptors, the protomer then enters the cell and bind with and activate the adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will INCREASE cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell. Due to osmotic pressure changes, water also must flow with the ions into the lumen of the intestinal mucosa, dehydrating the tissue. I hope this helps, thanks.

trigonal pyramidal

tetrahedral

trigonal planar

bent

- calcium has greater affinity to bond with electron receptors than hydrogen does and hence, it has the ability to replace hydrogen in most of its compounds.

- lithium has 2 valence electrons in the product because it can make only 1 bond with hydrogen. beryllium has 4 valence electrons in the product because it can only make 2 bonds. it has fewer electrons than neon and can react with electron donors. each hydrogen has 2 valence electrons, the same as helium.

- the covalent bond formed between carbon and hydrogen is polar because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen and it attracts the bonded electron pair closer to itself, thus giving hydrogen a partial positive charge.

- a hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond that hydrogen atoms make with the electronegative atoms nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

so the best choice is a.) 2 calcium (ca) atoms