Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. When the kinetics of the reaction are measured, if the rate of the reaction is found to be dependent upon the concentration of the nucleophile as well as the alkyl halide the reaction is second order. The substitution reaction is thus termed SN2, and the elimination reaction is termed E2. These reactions are bimolecular and take place in a single step. In the SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks the α-carbon from the backside and displaces the leaving group with an inversion of configuration occurring at the carbon. In the E2 elimination reaction, strong base removes an acidic hydrogen from the B-carbon and an alkene is formed as the leaving group is expelled from the α-carbon. This elimination follows Zaitsev’s rule whereby the more substituted alkene is generally formed. In E2 elimination, both the B-hydrogen and the leaving group must be oriented anti to each other. The same reaction conditions apply for both SN2 and E2, therefore these reactions often compete. Use of a strong, hindered base will tend to favor elimination, while use of a weak base/strong nucleophile will favor substitution. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions

Acurium-245 nucleus is hit with a neutron and changes as shown by the equation. complete the equation by filling in the missing parts. 52

98 points you will be galileo perform the experiment to determine if objects with different mass fall at the same, or different, rates in the air and in a vacuum. before you conduct your experiment, you need to form a hypothesis. a hypothesis is a prediction of what you think will happen in the experiment. the hypothesis is a statement that describes “if” a certain set of circumstances are present “then” there will be a specific result that will occur. record your hypothesis here: record the results from step one of the experiment (dropping the objects in the air): first trial: second trial: third trial: record the results from step two of the experiment (dropping the objects in a vacuum): first trial: second trial: third trial: did the experiment support your hypothesis? using the data from your experiment, describe why you believe your hypothesis was either proven or disproven. what forces were acting on the objects dropped in the air? what force was acting on the objects dropped in the vacuum? part two: comparing forces choose two forces and compare and contrast these forces. you must provide two ways that they are alike and two ways that they are different. you may make a list, write in paragraph form, or make a chart. choose two forces and compare and contrast these forces. these must be different forces than used in the prior question. provide two ways that they are similar and two ways that they are different. you may make a list, write it out, or make a chart.

If it is an isoelectronic series select true, if not select false. o2-, s2-, se2-, te2- na+, k+, rb+, cs+ n3-, p3-, as3-, sb3- ag, cd+, sn3+, sb4+ f-, cl-, br-, i- f-, ne, na+, mg2+ s2-, s, s6+