What is the osmotic pressure in atm of a 0.50 M urea solution at 25.0°C?
Assume R = 0.0821 Latm/molk
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12.2329 atm

Explanation:

Applying

PV = nRT Equation 1

Make P the subject of the equation

P = (n/V)RT Equation 2

Where P = Osmotic pressure, (n/V) = Molarity of urea, T = Temperature, R = molar gas constant.

From the question,

Given: (n/V) = 0.5 M, T = 25°C = (273+25) = 298 K, R = 0.0821 Latm/mol.K

Substitute these values into equation 2

P = (0.5)(298)(0.0821)

P = 12.2329 atm

since the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, as we move to the left on the periodic table, the electrostatic pull between the nucleus and the valence electron shell decreases. as we move down a group (vertical column), the valence shell energy level gets further and further from the nucleus.