Adatagram network allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. the probability of a router discarding a packetis p. consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, andthen to the destination host if either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. if both host-router and router- router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of(a) hops a packet makes per transmission? (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?

a.) k² - 3k + 3

b.) 1/(1 - k)²

c.)

Explanation:

a.) A packet can make 1,2 or 3 hops

probability of 1 hop = k  ...(1)

probability of 2 hops = k(1-k)  ...(2)

probability of 3 hops = (1-k)²...(3)

Average number of probabilities = (1 x prob. of 1 hop) + (2 x prob. of 2 hops) + (3 x prob. of 3 hops)

                                                       = (1 × k) + (2 × k × (1 - k)) + (3 × (1-k)²)

                                                       = k + 2k - 2k² + 3(1 + k² - 2k)

∴mean number of hops                = k² - 3k + 3

b.) from (a) above, the mean number of hops when transmitting a packet is k² - 3k + 3

if k = 0 then number of hops is 3

if k = 1 then number of hops is (1 - 3 + 3) = 1

multiple transmissions can be needed if K is between 0 and 1

The probability of successful transmissions through the entire path is (1 - k)²

for one transmission, the probility of success is (1 - k)²

for two transmissions, the probility of success is 2(1 - k)²(1 - (1-k)²)

for three transmissions, the probility of success is 3(1 - k)²(1 - (1-k)²)² and so on

∴ for transmitting a single packet, it makes:

     ∞                             n-1

T = ∑ n(1 - k)²(1 - (1 - k)²)

    n-1

   = 1/(1 - k)²

c.) Mean number of required packet = ( mean number of hops when transmitting a packet × mean number of transmissions by a packet)

from (a) above, mean number of hops when transmitting a packet =  k² - 3k + 3

from (b) above, mean number of transmissions by a packet = 1/(1 - k)²

substituting: mean number of required packet =  

i believe the answer would be b. within an intersection or on a crosswalk. hope this ! : )