1. participle verbal phrase that acts as an adjective 2. verbal used to make possessives 3. participial phrase unnecessary to the meaning of the words modified 4. compound sentence verb forms that function as nouns or modifiers, although the retain the characteristics of verbs 5. nonrestrictive clause sets off appositives 6. , contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses 7. compound-complex sentence verbal form used as an adjective 8. phrase group of related words without a subject and verb 9. apostrophe contains at least two independent thoughts; could be divided into two or more sentences 10. coordinating conjunction

1. participle - verbal form used as an adjective

The sleeping boy dreamed of sugar plum fairies. Sleeping is a participle.

2. verbal - verb forms that function as nouns or modifiers, although the retain the characteristics of verbs

3. participial phrase - verbal phrase that acts as an adjective

Riding in the ski-lift, the boy enjoyed the view of the snow-capped peaks. The participial phrase is "riding in the ski-lift".

4. compound sentence - contains at least two independent thoughts; could be divided into two or more sentences

The dog is hungry, so the dog ate. The two independent thoughts are before and after the comma and coordinating conjunction.

5. nonrestrictive clause - unnecessary to the meaning of the words modified  

For dinner, we are eating spaghetti, which is my favorite. "Which is my favorite" is a nonrestrictive clause. It is unnecessary to the meaning of the words.

6. , - sets off appositives

Commas set off appositives. Travis, my brother, is a great soccer player. The appositive phrase is "my brother". The commas surround the appositive phrase.

7. compound-complex sentence - contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses  

After running the race, I was hungry, so I ate. The subordinate clause is "After running the race". The independent clauses are "I was hungry" and "I ate".

8. phrase - group of related words without a subject and verb

9. apostrophe - used to make possessives

The dog's toy, the cat's food. These phrases both have apostrophes which are used to show ownership.

10. coordinating conjunction - joins two independent clause: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

so he was on top of a building and superman came through got him and put him down safely.