What theme does the following excerpt from franz kafka's the metamorphosis deal with?

this was how gregor received his food each day now, once in the morning while his parents and the maid were still asleep, and the second time after everyone had eaten their meal at midday as his parents would sleep for a little while then as well, and gregor's sister would send the maid away on some errand. gregor's father and mother certainly did not want him to starve either, but perhaps it would have been more than they could stand to have any more experience of his feeding than being told about it, and perhaps his sister wanted to spare them what distress she could as they were indeed suffering enough.

a. the loneliness of human life
b. the closeness between family members
c. the absurdity of contemporary life
d. the difficulty of making a living wage